Off-chain refers to transactions or activities that occur outside the blockchain. Off-chain solutions are often explored to address scalability, speed, and cost issues associated with on-chain transactions; common off-chain mechanisms include payment channels, sidechains, off-chain governance, and state channels.
Off-chain solutions can significantly improve scalability, reduce transaction costs, and enhance transaction speed by keeping only essential information on the main blockchain. However, they also introduce new challenges like trust issues and the need for additional security measures since the transactions occur outside the decentralised and tamper-resistant nature of the blockchain.
